Geoconservation Research (Geoconserv. Res.) Geoconservation in Latin America and the Caribbean Volume 6 (2023) Issue 2, December 2023 (Geoconservation in Latin America and the Caribbean) 2023 12 12 Geoconservation in Latin America and the Caribbean 10.57647/j.gcr.2023.0602.16 EN Maria Da Gloria Motta Garcia Centre for Research Support on Geological Heritage and Geotourism (GeoHereditas), Institute of Geosciences, University of São Paulo, Rua do Lago, 562, São Paulo, Brazil 0000-0002-9846-1870 Marcos Antonio Leite Do Nascimento Department of Geology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil 0000-0002-8158-7186 Journal Article 2023 12 12 The geodiversity of Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) is linked to the geological evolution of several tectonic units: the South American Platform, the Andean unstable areas (including the Caribbean, Northern, Central, and Southern Andes), and the Patagonian block, as well as terranes related to the North America and Pacific plates. From Argentina and Chile in the south to Mexico in the north, this geodiversity mirrors a geological narrative discernible in rocks that date back to 3.6 Ga, sediments, landforms, fossils, soils, and both tectonic and superficial active processes that give origin to volcanoes and earthquakes, deserts, glacial and mountainous areas. Serving as the abiotic facet of natural diversity, LAC´s geodiversity influences the rich biodiversity of the region, as well as cultural, social and economic aspects. Its understanding is then crucial for formulating territorial plans and public policies and establishing effective mechanisms for environmental conservation with a holistic approach. This is a task achievable only through effective communication with society, which is the role of geoconservation. In this context, initiatives on the diagnosis, conservation and promotion of geodiversity and geoheritage exist in the region with different levels of development. These differences are explained by factors such as geographical heterogeneities, non-comparable geological knowledge across countries, socioeconomic conditions and level of involvement of the geoscientific community with the theme. In the book “Patrimonio geológico y su conservación en América Latina: Situación y perspectivas nacionales” (in English, “Geological heritage and its conservation in Latin America: National situation and perspectives”), Palacio-Prieto et al. (2016) make a panorama of the state-of-the-art of geoconservation in the region, as well as a synthesis of the key events that contributed to the current status. According to Palacio-Prieto et al. (2016), one of the first initiatives was the incorporation of the Araripe Geopark, Brazil, into the Global Geoparks Network, in 2006. Subsequently, in 2008, the Andean Meeting for the Protection of the Geological, Mining, and Paleontological Heritage took place in Loja, Ecuador. The year 2009 witnessed the inception of the Latin American and Caribbean Network for the Protection and Defense of Geological, Mining-Metallurgical, and Paleontological Heritage during the I Latin American Congress on Initiatives in Geotourism in La Asunción, Venezuela. Moving forward to 2010, the landscape of geotourism activities unfolded with the I National Geotourism Congress held in Mérida, Venezuela, and the I Latin American and Caribbean Conference of Geoparks in Juazeiro do Norte, Brazil. The subsequent year, 2011, featured the initiation of the I Symposium on Geoparks and Geotourism in Milipeuco, Chile, alongside the convening of the II National Congress of Geotourism in Yaracuy, Venezuela. Additionally, the year included the II Latin American and Caribbean Geotourism Congress and the II Latin American Congress of Geoparks held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, together with the I Brazilian Symposium on Geological Heritage. Advancing to 2013, events encompassed the II Latin American Meeting of Geoparks and the inaugural Argentine Symposium on Geological Heritage, in San Martin de Los Andes. In 2015, a significant workshop titled "Geoparks and Geoheritage: Promoting the Geoheritage of Latin America" took place. In 2017, the noteworthy creation of GEOLAC, the UNESCO Global Geoparks Network for Latin America and the Caribbean (https://redgeolac.com/), marked a milestone in the continuous development of geopark initiatives in the region. Currently, twelve UNESCO Global Geoparks (UGGp) comprise the network: five in Brazil, two in Mexico, and one each in Nicaragua, Ecuador, Peru, Chile and Uruguay (Fig. 1). Besides these UGGp, there are initiatives in different levels of development, either as aspirants or projects across the countries. Figure 1. UNESCO Global Geoparks in Latin America and the Caribbean, which are part of the GEOLAC. Studies on Geoconservation in Latin America and the Caribbean have focused on several aspects, such as the identification, evaluation, and management of geodiversity and geological heritage, topics that have been discussed during these meetings over the years. In this context, the Association of Ibero-American Geology and Mining Services – ASGMI has been making efforts to foster the Geoheritage Map of South America and stimulate systematic inventories of geological sites in the countries, using workshops, discussions and publications, such as the Workshop on Geoheritage, in Villa de Leyva, Colombia, in 2018. Several countries, or groupings thereof, present significant studies and publications on geoheritage or geoconservation, with notable contributions standing out. Palacio-Prieto (2012) addresses research and education in geodiversity and geoheritage in Mexico. James-Williamson et al. (2016) provide insights into protecting geoheritage in the Caribbean, with a special focus on Jamaica. Benado et al. (2019) offer a comprehensive analysis of the state of geoconservation in Chile. Also in the same year, Sánchez-Cortez (2019) discusses the conservation of geoheritage in Ecuador, providing an overview of the current situation and prospects. Carrion-Mero et al. (2022) conducted an assessment of geodiversity on a regional scale, using Ecuador as a case study. In Cuba, Corvea et al. (2020) explore the integration of geoheritage into the management of protected areas. Quesada-Román and Pérez-Umaña (2020) present an overview of the state of geodiversity, geoconservation, and geotourism in Costa Rica. Quesada-Román et al. (2022) focus on geodiversity, geoconservation, and geotourism in Central America, while Scammacca et al. (2022) assess the geodiversity in French Guiana, highlighting challenges and implications for sustainable planning. Coronato and Schwarz (2022) discuss the approach to geodiversity and geoconservation in Argentina. Manzaneda et al. (2022) explored geoethics and the promotion of geoheritage in Peru. Garcia et al. (2022a) presented a framework of geoconservation strategies in Brazil, addressing the current status through the analysis of representative case studies, and Garcia et al. (2022b) emphasized the promotion of actions to foster geological diversity in Brazil, highlighting initiatives that drive geological diversity in the country. These collective contributions form a comprehensive network of knowledge about the preservation of geological heritage in various regions of Latin America and the Caribbean. A recent and notable endeavor involves the establishment of a working group dedicated to creating a regional branch of ProGEO (International Association for the Protection of Geological Heritage) in Latin America and the Caribbean in 2022. In the initial phase, two workshops were conducted in 2023, focusing on the LAC geoconservation landscape and the progress of the Geoheritage Map of South America. These workshops mark the first step toward consolidating efforts in inventory management, developing appropriate legal frameworks, and promoting best practices for geodiversity and geological heritage management in the region. The overarching goal is to foster collaborative and coordinated actions among geoconservation experts in the region, aiming for the sustainable development of Latin America and the Caribbean and addressing key socio-environmental challenges within society. This volume comprises contributions that provide an overview of geoconservation efforts in seven countries within Latin America and the Caribbean, exploring various aspects and developmental perspectives. Topics covered include Geotourism, such as its connection to public policies in Argentina (Coronato and Schwarz), and specific case studies like the Sumaco Volcano in Ecuador (Sánchez-Cortez et al.). The papers also address the identification and assessment of geological sites, such as the amethyst deposits in Uruguay's Los Catalanes Gemological District (Goso and Faraone), Poás Volcano National Park in Costa Rica (Pérez-Umaña), and the Eastern Colombian region (Betancurth et al.). Additionally, the geological heritage of the Ñandeyvytykuera Geopark Project in Paraguay is explored (Salinas et al.). In Brazil, Fernandes et al. present a panorama of Geoconservation initiatives in the State of Paraná, while Lima and Garcia discuss the contributions of geodiversity to local communities in the State of Amazonas. This publication aims to showcase initiatives in geoconservation across Latin America and the Caribbean, emphasizing local and national perspectives. Despite the limited number, the papers explore a broad spectrum of abiotic nature conservation issues, providing insights into the current state of regional studies. Our goal is to catalyze future actions and research collaborations within the geoscientific community and society.

Geoconservation Research (Geoconserv. Res.) Chain of Geoconservation in an Argentinian Tourist Development Program. Fin del Mundo Road as a Case Study Volume 6 (2023) Issue 2, December 2023 (Geoconservation in Latin America and the Caribbean) 2023 12 12 Chain of Geoconservation in an Argentinian Tourist Development Program. Fin del Mundo Road as a Case Study 10.57647/j.gcr.2023.0602.17 EN Andrea Coronato CADIC-CONICET. B. Houssay 200, 9410 Ushuaia, Argentina ICPA-UNTDF. Walanika 250, 1°-18.  9410 Ushuaia, Argentina 0000-0002-2460-9959 Soledad Schwarz IDEI - UNTDF. Walanika 250, 2°-19. 9410 Ushuaia, Argentina 0000-0002-5920-8450 Journal Article 2023 12 12 The idea of a geoconservation chain is applied to the ‘End of the World Road’ which is part of an Argentinian tourist development program called La Ruta Natural (The Natural Road). To conduct a comprehensive and specific analysis, this itinerary was divided into six segments and sieved through the steps and substeps of the framework. The diagnosis step – carried out by multidisciplinary groups of academics – turned out to be the most developed one whereas the conservation link of the chain was the weakest, lacking the participation of decision-makers, environmentalists, and legislators. In terms of promotion, success was largely achieved indirectly, after the intervention of educators and tourist entrepreneur, because the georesources analyzed are mainly used for tourism. The program highlights less than a third of the natural attractions that are already inventoried. If some of these attractions were incorporated into the itinerary, this could reinforce the use of the road and would make georesources more visible and so would become geoconservation targets. The case study presented here shows a reciprocal relationship between geoconservation and tourism. Wise use of the End of the World Road contributes to geoconservation and at the same time, geoconservation is essential for nature-based tourism.

Geoconservation Research (Geoconserv. Res.) Sumaco Volcano (Ecuador): Integral Approach to its Geotourism Potential Volume 6 (2023) Issue 2, December 2023 (Geoconservation in Latin America and the Caribbean) 2023 12 12 Sumaco Volcano (Ecuador): Integral Approach to its Geotourism Potential 10.57647/j.gcr.2023.0602.18 EN José Luis Sánchez-Cortez Instituto de Geografía, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria. DF, Mexico Napo Sumaco Aspiring UNESCO Global Geopark, Fundación Geoparque Napo Sumaco. Tena, Ecuador 0000-0002-1236-2848 Marco Simbaña-Tasiguano Napo Sumaco Aspiring UNESCO Global Geopark, Fundación Geoparque Napo Sumaco. Tena, Ecuador Universidad Yachay Tech. Hacienda San José. Urcuquí – Ecuador 0000-0003-2974-3839 Kathleen Vélez-Macías Napo Sumaco Aspiring UNESCO Global Geopark, Fundación Geoparque Napo Sumaco. Tena, Ecuador Universidad de Guayaquil. Av. Juan Tanca Marengo & Raul Gomez Lince. Guayaquil, Ecuador 0009-0000-8732-3205 Henry Grefa-Shiguango Napo Sumaco Aspiring UNESCO Global Geopark, Fundación Geoparque Napo Sumaco. Tena, Ecuador Daniel Jaque-Bonilla Napo Sumaco Aspiring UNESCO Global Geopark, Fundación Geoparque Napo Sumaco. Tena, Ecuador Universidad Regional Amazónica Ikiam, Km 7 Tena – Muyuna, Tena, Ecuador Estefanía Cabascango-Chiliquinga Napo Sumaco Aspiring UNESCO Global Geopark, Fundación Geoparque Napo Sumaco. Tena, Ecuador Universidad Regional Amazónica Ikiam, Km 7 Tena – Muyuna, Tena, Ecuador Journal Article 2023 12 12 Sumaco is the easternmost active volcano in Ecuador, and is in the sub-Andean zone, towards the northwest of the country, and located in the Pleistocene Napo Uplift. Together, the tectonic setting of the eastern Andes and Amazonian plain is the main regional feature determining high ecological, landscape, geological and biological diversity. In addition, indigenous cultures of the Amazon have acquired a special status associated with their ancient and contemporary history, transforming it into a mystical element for locals and visitors. These natural and cultural conditions are the perfect framework for adventure tourism and geotourism activities. Community tourism is one of the main economic livelihoods of the Pacto Sumaco community, which has managed to interact with various local and national actors through its Community Tourism Center, creating strategies for sustainable use, conservation, control, monitoring and maintenance of the core area of the Sumaco Biosphere Reserve, being considered an ideal example that demonstrates good practices of local-based tourism. This article discusses holistically the main criteria that have made it possible to strengthen geotourism activities in the Sumaco volcano: geodiversity, biodiversity, ecosystem services, cultural and historical heritage and community participation, as well as key institutional elements, and infrastructures for management and tourism development.

Geoconservation Research (Geoconserv. Res.) Geoconservation Initiatives in the State of Paraná (Brazil) Volume 6 (2023) Issue 2, December 2023 (Geoconservation in Latin America and the Caribbean) 2023 12 13 Geoconservation Initiatives in the State of Paraná (Brazil) 10.57647/j.gcr.2023.0602.19 EN Luiz Alberto Fernandes Postgraduate program in Geology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil 0000-0002-0718-5154 Fernanda Caroline Borato Xavier Postgraduate program in Geology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil 0000-0002-6310-5083 Kimberlym Tábata Pesch Vieira Postgraduate program in Geology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil 0000-0002-9178-7771 Liliane Maia Tcacenco-Manzano Postgraduate program in Geology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil 0000-0001-8468-1373 Journal Article 2023 12 13 Even though geoconservation has advanced significantly in the last few decades, general awareness of its importance is limited, especially in Brazil. Here, we present an overview of geoconservation actions and initiatives in the state of Paraná. We highlight geoscientific aspects since the 20th century, the installation of interpretative panels, and key findings from the inaugural geological heritage inventory for the state, the second in the country. We also present two examples of pioneering geoconservation and scientific communication initiatives: the creation of the Curitiba Sedimentary Basin geosite (a municipal conservation unit within the urban territory) and the Paleontology Museum of Cruzeiro do Oeste’s research station. Despite the concerted efforts of academic research groups, the state geological survey (Mineropar, now defunct) and the national geological survey (CPRM-SBG), current initiatives remain limited to academic research. Overall, there are not enough systematic public policies to protect the state and national geological heritage. Regrettably, geodiversity and geoconservation remain the least known components of the state's natural heritage. A long-standing concern has been the absence of geological content in the curriculum of the Brazilian basic education system. Overcoming this problem will require the incorporation of geology and geoconservation concepts into school curricula and educator training, and the effective communication of their significance to society at large.  

Geoconservation Research (Geoconserv. Res.) Amethyst Deposits of the Los Catalanes Gemological District (Artigas Department): The First Uruguayan IUGS Geological Heritage Site Volume 6 (2023) Issue 2, December 2023 (Geoconservation in Latin America and the Caribbean) 2023 12 13 Amethyst Deposits of the Los Catalanes Gemological District (Artigas Department): The First Uruguayan IUGS Geological Heritage Site 10.57647/j.gcr.2023.0602.20 EN César Goso Instituto de Ciencias Geológicas de la Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Uruguay 0000-0002-9704-9171 Mauricio Faraone Dirección Nacional de Minería y Geología, Ministerio de Industria Minería y Energía. Uruguay Journal Article 2023 12 13 The recognition and valorization of geological heritage in Uruguay is an incipient and developing process. The International Union of Geological Sciences designated the deposits of amethysts of Los Catalanes Gemological District, in northern Uruguay, as one of the first 100 “Geological Heritage Sites” on October 22, 2022, in the Mineralogy category, the first in Uruguay. It is part of one of the most important continental flood volcanism episodes on Earth (end of Jurassic to Early Cretaceous). The Paraná igneous province, a dominant tholeiitic basaltic and scarce acidic province that extends into parts of Brazil, Paraguay, Argentina and Uruguay, contains amethyst and agate deposits of unique international significance because of frequent mega-geode concentration, enormous reserves, and gemstone quality of varied size and forms. Although quartz-filled geodic cavities are common in the southern Serra Geral Formation in Brazil (Ametista do Sul, Quaraí), the more intense purple amethysts in giant geode deposits are found in the Arapey Formation in the lower-middle basin of the Catalán Grande stream in Uruguay. This contributes to the empowerment and pride of the local population as well as raising awareness of the need for the conservation of part of this mineral resource. Further, there was a recent inventory assessment that contributed to the understanding of the real scientific value of this designation.

Geoconservation Research (Geoconserv. Res.) Inventory and Assessment of Geoheritage in Poás Volcano National Park, Costa Rica Volume 6 (2023) Issue 2, December 2023 (Geoconservation in Latin America and the Caribbean) 2023 12 13 Inventory and Assessment of Geoheritage in Poás Volcano National Park, Costa Rica 10.57647/j.gcr.2023.0602.21 EN Dennis Pérez-Umaña Comisión Nacional de Prevención de Riesgos y Atención de Emergencias (CNE), San José, Costa Rica 0000-0002-0260-2473 Journal Article 2023 12 13 The number of geoconservation studies in Costa Rica has been increasing in the last 10 years. The Poás Volcano National Park has been characterized as one of the most visited places in Costa Rica where many tourists come to see one of the most emblematic volcanoes in the country and Central America. This study documents the process of recognizing five key geomorphosites of volcanic origin where Principal Crater stands out as the site with the highest overall value. Other places of interest are the Botos Cone and Von Frantzius Cone, whose proximity to the Principal Crater is a scenic attraction that many visitors take advantage of to enjoy the landscape that the volcano offers. All the geomorphosites have cultural and historical relevance as Costa Ricans have a strong sense of belonging to this volcano. The zoning of the National Park is very restrictive and protects the geomorphosites from human disturbance, which is why Public Use Zones should be used to access the geomorphosites proposed in this article. We evaluate the geomorphosites in the Poás Volcano National Park and how it has influenced the Costa Rican population, having been an inspiration for artists and scientists who developed artistic works and several studies related to this volcano.

Geoconservation Research (Geoconserv. Res.) Geoconservation Survey of the Eastern Colombian Geosites Based on Geocientific and Scenic Interest Volume 6 (2023) Issue 2, December 2023 (Geoconservation in Latin America and the Caribbean) 2023 12 13 Geoconservation Survey of the Eastern Colombian Geosites Based on Geocientific and Scenic Interest 10.57647/j.gcr.2023.0602.22 EN Liliana Betancurth Grupo de investigación GAIA, Universidad de Antioquia, Colombia 0000-0002-4095-2722 Jorge Martín Molina Departamento de Geociencias, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Colombia 0000-0002-6068-2571 Arley Zapata Departamento de Geociencias, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Colombia Journal Article 2023 12 13 Colombia boasts extensive geodiversity thanks to complex geological processes that have shaped its landscape over geological time. The eastern region of the country is characterized by ancient rock formations, covered by a substantial layer of sediments, influenced by tectonic and erosive forces. These forces have given rise to unique geoforms that qualify as geosites. Thirteen sites were identified based on their geological context, accessibility, visibility, and tourism potential, by assessing their geoscientific and scenic interest. A methodology was applied, drawing from various experts in Geological Heritage both in Colombia and globally. Geosites in the east of Colombia encompass geological outcrops, structures, mountain ranges, reservoirs, karst formations, waterfalls, and archaeological and mining sites, all of significant geoscientific, educational, and scenic value. Each site was rated on a scale of 1 (low) to 3 (high), resulting in an average scientific value of 2.42, indicating a moderate to high geoconservation value. Geosites with the highest geoconservation rating (3) include the Structural Slopes of Guateque, El Encanto Hot Springs, Upín Salt Flats, Cerro Azul and the Orión Gate. The Mountain Ranges of San Luis de Gaceno, karstic dissolution sinkholes, and the Pink Plants of Tranquilandia fall into the moderate to high-value category (rated at 2.5). Other sites, such as the Eroded and Stepped Escarpments of Las Juntas, La Esmeralda Reservoir (Chivor), Sedimentary Slabs of Guejar River, Sandstone Tables, and the Love’s Waterfall, also hold geological importance. We recommend implementing geoconservation policies for these geosites to preserve and develop them, taking into account their considerable geotourism potential. These efforts should be carried out with a keen awareness of the current resource usage and land management practices to ensure a sustainable strategy.  

Geoconservation Research (Geoconserv. Res.) The Geological Heritage of Ñandeyvytykuera Geopark Project in Paraguay Volume 6 (2023) Issue 2, December 2023 (Geoconservation in Latin America and the Caribbean) 2023 12 13 The Geological Heritage of Ñandeyvytykuera Geopark Project in Paraguay 10.57647/j.gcr.2023.0602.23 EN Néstor Damian Salinas Franco Department of Geology, Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences, National University of Asuncion, Paraguay 0000-0002-5655-258X Romina Mariel Celabe Gaona Department of Geology, Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences, National University of Asuncion, Paraguay 0000-0003-4110-3121 Diego Adán López Department of Geology, Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences, National University of Asuncion, Paraguay Journal Article 2023 12 13 Paraguay's first geopark began in 2017 and work is ongoing. The project is managed by a committee comprised of key stakeholders from state and municipal entities, universities, and local communities, to promote and generate sustainable local development strategies. Paraguay has significant geodiversity, particularly in the eastern region, with rocks ranging from the Paleoproterozoic to Quaternary sediments. Appreciation of this extensive geodiversity only began a decade ago with a focus on heritage value and preservation of certain geological sites. The methodology presented here involves a qualitative inventory of geosites and geodiversity sites (GS) with scientific, educational, and tourist value. Additionally, it considers their fragility and vulnerability within the territory of the Geoparque ÑandeYvytykuera, covering the departments of Central, Cordillera, and Paraguarí. The GS with the highest scientific value is the columnar sandstones of Cerro Koi. Those with superior educational qualities include the GS Ñemby Hill, Perõ Hill, and Yaguarón Hill. Tourism value is highest at the GS San Bernardino Beach. As for fragility and vulnerability, the Itauguá Fossiliferous Shales GS stands out due to the deterioration and loss of its geodiversity, attributed to a diverse array of unique marine fossils. In conclusion, we recommend adding more locations as a geoconservation strategy, and expanding studies that incorporate quantitative methodologies to provide more precise data and further these and other investigations.

Geoconservation Research (Geoconserv. Res.) Contributions of abiotic nature to riverine populations in the Amazon, Brazil: an analysis based on geoenvironmental units Volume 6 (2023) Issue 2, December 2023 (Geoconservation in Latin America and the Caribbean) 2023 12 13 Contributions of abiotic nature to riverine populations in the Amazon, Brazil: an analysis based on geoenvironmental units 10.57647/j.gcr.2023.0602.24 EN Raimundo Humberto Cavalcante Lima Department of Geosciences, Federal University of Amazonas, Av. Rodrigo Otávio, nº 6200, Manaus (AM), Brazil 0000-0002-2302-3921 Maria Da Gloria Motta Garcia Centre for Research Support on Geological Heritage and Geotourism (GeoHereditas), Institute of Geosciences, University of São Paulo, Rua do Lago, 562, São Paulo, Brazil 0000-0002-9846-1870 Journal Article 2023 12 13 Nature is an essential public resource that provides food, clean water, energy resources, minerals and shelter for human life. To face environmental changes and the exploitation of natural resources, it is crucial to understand and manage the ecosystem services (ES) that benefit humanity and preserve the natural processes that create them. In the Amazon region, the research area chosen for this study, rural communities have a way of life and social organization recognized as traditionally linked to nature; however, they do not benefit from ES due to several factors discussed in this paper. The contributions of ecosystems to human well-being are well accepted, but the services provided by geodiversity (abiotic) are often neglected in the classification systems of ES. This study identifies the importance of the relationship between geodiversity and ES, elucidating its role in the well-being of local populations. Three geological-environmental domains were identified and subdivided into five geoenvironmental units covering the geosystem services described in “Nature's Contributions to People (NCP)”. The domains contained the following groups: regulatory, material and non-material. This research concludes that the ES provided by geodiversity plays a crucial role in supporting natural resources essential for local communities and that their conservation is vital for environmental sustainability and the quality of life of riparians.

Geoconservation Research (Geoconserv. Res.) Revision of Fuzzified Fine-Kinney Method, an Adaptive Method for Natural Disaster Risk Management Volume 6 (2023) Issue 2, December 2023 (Geoconservation in Latin America and the Caribbean) 2023 12 13 Revision of Fuzzified Fine-Kinney Method, an Adaptive Method for Natural Disaster Risk Management 10.57647/j.gcr.2023.0602.25 EN Doğukan Kartal Gazi University, Department of Architecture, Eti, Yükseliş Sk. No:5, 06570 Çankaya/Ankara, Turkey 0000-0002-5848-4576 Asena Soyluk Gazi University, Department of Architecture, Eti, Yükseliş Sk. No:5, 06570 Çankaya/Ankara, Turkey Journal Article 2023 12 13 Natural disasters are rather unpredictable and can interrupt human life, cause economic damage and even take lives. Even though they are mostly unpredictable, there are methods for assessing the risks of natural disasters, one of which is the Fine-Kinney, which was originally used for assessing industrial accident risks. Even though the method has been applied to natural disasters, the results are not very rational and precise because of the dissimilarity between both phenomena. Here we adapt the Fine-Kinney method by fuzzification to produce fast and reliable results in the building environment for natural disasters, even in situations where there is limited data. Both standard and fuzzy Fine-Kinney methods are applied to the Mustafakemalpaşa district in Bursa, Turkey, as a case study. The results of this case study are compared with the risk maps provided by the local government, to prove the accuracy and reliability of the method. While both methods produced similar and reliable results when compared to the risk maps, the Fuzzy Fine-Kinney results were more realistic because of the nature of fuzzy logic.  

Geoconservation Research (Geoconserv. Res.) Post-earthquake Disasters: A Systematic Review of the Classification and Evaluation of the Analysis Methods Volume 6 (2023) Issue 2, December 2023 (Geoconservation in Latin America and the Caribbean) 2023 12 13 Post-earthquake Disasters: A Systematic Review of the Classification and Evaluation of the Analysis Methods 10.57647/j.gcr.2023.0602.26 EN Çağatay Takva Department of Architecture, Faculty of Architecture, Gazi University, Ankara 06530, Turkey 0000-0002-0494-9972 Asena Soyluk Gazi University, Department of Architecture, Eti, Yükseliş Sk. No:5, 06570 Çankaya/Ankara, Turkey Zeynep Yeşim İlerisoy Department of Architecture, Faculty of Architecture, Gazi University, Ankara 06530, Turkey 0000-0003-1903-9119 Journal Article 2023 12 13 Earthquakes are disasters that occur because of tectonic movements under the ground, causing great damage and loss of life. Post-earthquake fires, tsunamis, floods, avalanches, landslides, soil liquefaction, and volcanic eruptions also have devastating effects. Here, we investigate basic analysis methods and specialized methods used for these disasters in academic studies. The study aims to determine and classify the analysis methods developed for post-earthquake disasters that are used in academic studies. Analysis methods are summarized from academic data, classified, and assessed using bibliometric methods. Different analysis methods were used in each post-earthquake disaster and new methods were developed, with a combination of analysis methods in some disasters. There are many academic studies on post-earthquake fires and landslides, and analysis methods have improved. Inadequacy of academic studies on post-earthquake avalanches has been observed.

Geoconservation Research (Geoconserv. Res.) Geological Heritage Site for the Rajmahal Flora at Mandro, Sahibganj, India: An Opportunity for an Integrated–Sustainable Tourism Circuit Volume 6 (2023) Issue 2, December 2023 (Geoconservation in Latin America and the Caribbean) 2023 12 13 Geological Heritage Site for the Rajmahal Flora at Mandro, Sahibganj, India: An Opportunity for an Integrated–Sustainable Tourism Circuit 10.57647/j.gcr.2023.0602.27 EN Shreya Shrey Geological Survey of India, India 0000-0003-1538-7730 Ravi Shankar Chaubey Geological Survey of India, India 0000-0001-7793-8724 Pankaj Jaiswal Geological Survey of India, India 0009-0006-6702-6637 Journal Article 2023 12 13 Mandro in Sahibganj District of Jharkhand State, India is known for its abundance of petrified wood and floral impressions from the Rajmahal Traps of Albian–Aptian age. This locality is among the 34 Geological Heritage Sites identified by the Geological Survey of India. The scientific importance of the site is vested in the intricate preservation of petrified wood and floral impressions in a single locality. The plants were transported by pyroclastic volcanic activity, and the tuff and crystal-laden pumice helped preserve the fossils, including upright tree stumps with intact root systems. Such an association of floral fossils with ignimbrite is of high scientific relevance and is one of its kind in India. At present, the Geoheritage Site, Mandro is compromised by the lack of legislative provisions guiding conservation of the site. Our study highlights bottlenecks in the development of the Geoheritage Site and suggests the formulation of an integrated–sustainable tourism circuit combining natural, anthropological, cultural and historical touristic components. We advocate operating the circuit through community participation, ensuring trust and capacity building among the local People. The circuit is an exclusively local tourism engine that could address socioeconomic disparities while developing as a hub for research and innovation across different disciplines. Paramount to these efforts is attaining Sustainable Development Goals and global recognition for the Geoheritage Site and the Circuit.

Geoconservation Research (Geoconserv. Res.) On the Geological and Palaeontological Heritage of the Azores Archipelago and the Urgent need to Review the Geosites of the Azores UNESCO Geopark: A Comment on Lima & Meneses (2023), Geoconservation Research, 6: 114-127 Volume 6 (2023) Issue 2, December 2023 (Geoconservation in Latin America and the Caribbean) 2023 12 13 On the Geological and Palaeontological Heritage of the Azores Archipelago and the Urgent need to Review the Geosites of the Azores UNESCO Geopark: A Comment on Lima & Meneses (2023), Geoconservation Research, 6: 114-127 10.57647/j.gcr.2023.0602.28 EN Sérgio P. Ávila MPB – Marine Palaeontology and Biogeography Lab, University of the Azores, Rua da Mãe de Deus, 9501-801 Ponta Delgada, Açores, Portugal CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Pólo dos Açores, Azores, Portugal UNESCO Chair – Land Within Sea: Biodiversity & Sustainability in Atlantic Islands BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO, Vairão, Portugal 0000-0003-4317-3051 Ana Hipólito MPB – Marine Palaeontology and Biogeography Lab, University of the Azores, Rua da Mãe de Deus, 9501-801 Ponta Delgada, Açores, Portugal CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Pólo dos Açores, Azores, Portugal UNESCO Chair – Land Within Sea: Biodiversity & Sustainability in Atlantic Islands BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO, Vairão, Portugal 0000-0003-4213-6574 Patrícia Madeira MPB – Marine Palaeontology and Biogeography Lab, University of the Azores, Rua da Mãe de Deus, 9501-801 Ponta Delgada, Açores, Portugal CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Pólo dos Açores, Azores, Portugal UNESCO Chair – Land Within Sea: Biodiversity & Sustainability in Atlantic Islands BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO, Vairão, Portugal 0000-0003-4356-9769 Lara Baptista MPB – Marine Palaeontology and Biogeography Lab, University of the Azores, Rua da Mãe de Deus, 9501-801 Ponta Delgada, Açores, Portugal CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Pólo dos Açores, Azores, Portugal UNESCO Chair – Land Within Sea: Biodiversity & Sustainability in Atlantic Islands Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Portugal University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Institute for Integrative Nature Conservation Research, Gregor-Mendel-Straße 33 1180 Wien, Austria 0000-0003-1099-2915 Samuel Arruda MPB – Marine Palaeontology and Biogeography Lab, University of the Azores, Rua da Mãe de Deus, 9501-801 Ponta Delgada, Açores, Portugal CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Pólo dos Açores, Azores, Portugal 0000-0002-8740-3026 Gonçalo Castela Ávila MPB – Marine Palaeontology and Biogeography Lab, University of the Azores, Rua da Mãe de Deus, 9501-801 Ponta Delgada, Açores, Portugal Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Portugal Carlos Góis-Marques CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Pólo dos Açores, Azores, Portugal BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO, Vairão, Portugal Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Portugal Madeira Botanical Group (GBM), Faculdade de Ciências da Vida, Universidade da Madeira, Campus da Penteada, 9000-390, Funchal, Portugal 0000-0002-0255-7641 Rui Quartau Departamento de Geologia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal Divisão de Geologia Marinha, Instituto Hidrográfico, Lisboa, Portugal 0000-0003-3148-7520 Journal Article 2023 12 13 In a recent review article, Lima & Meneses (2023, Geoconservation Research, 6 (1): 114–127) reported on the Azores Geopark, introducing a new geosite for São Miguel Island. We here express our concerns regarding the data presented in this review article. In our commentary, we focus mainly on the use of older bibliographic sources and inaccurate age estimates for some islands, as well as the absence of important references, which results in a poor revision of the published literature on the geology and paleontology of the Azores Archipelago. Furthermore, and over ten years since the successful application to UNESCO for the implementation of the Azores Geopark, we stress the urgent need to re-evaluate the list of geosites selected by the Azores Geopark team, a task that we suggest could be done involving the collaboration of an expert and multidisciplinary scientific team.