Anthropogenic Pollution Investigating the role and importance of sustainable architecture in optimal fuel consumption and pollution reduction (Case study: Semnan wind-Catchers) Volume 5 (2021) Issue 2, September 2021 2023 11 17 Investigating the role and importance of sustainable architecture in optimal fuel consumption and pollution reduction (Case study: Semnan wind-Catchers) 10.22034/ap.2021.1936671.1116 EN Mahdi Yahyaei Department of Architecture, Mashhad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran Seyed Majid Mofidi Shemirani Department of Architecture, Faculty of Architecture and Urbanism, Iran University of Science & Technology, Tehran, Iran Vahid Ahmadi Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran Journal Article 2023 11 17 The purpose of this study is to investigate the role and importance of traditional Iranian architecture with emphasis on wind-catcher in reducing energy consumption in residential homes. Semnan province was selected as a study area and in the first step, suitable areas were identified for the establishment of wind-catcher in the province. In the second step, using two indices of Olgyay and effective temperature index (ET), the ted-cmperature of thermal comfort in the province was determined. Finally, the temperature difference was calculated by comparing the temperature in the residential houses adjacent to the wind-catcher and the internal temperature of the traditional buildings that had win-catchers. In the final step, the amount of energy consumption for heating or cooling in residential houses in Semnan province was estimated to determine the role and importance of wind-catchers. The results showed that April, May, June and October are in the zone of thermal comfort and there are times when wind-catchers will not be very useful in the province. On the other hand, July, August and September due to high temperatures and December, January, February and March due to high cold are good times to use wind-catchers. Also, the highest degree of conformity of the measured temperatures is observed in the cities of Semnan, Garmsar, Damghan and Shahrood, respectively. The amount of energy required to produce cooling is equal to 1700 kWh. However, if a wind-catcher is used, due to the reduction of coefficients and refrigeration losses, this amount will be equal to 1200 kWh.

Anthropogenic Pollution Organic compound removal from textile wastewater by photocatalytic and sonocatalytic processes in the presence of copper oxide nanoparticles Volume 5 (2021) Issue 2, September 2021 2023 11 17 Organic compound removal from textile wastewater by photocatalytic and sonocatalytic processes in the presence of copper oxide nanoparticles 10.22034/ap.2021.1936068.1114 EN Reza Fekri Department of Environmental Science, Faculty of Natural Resources and Environment, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran 0000-0002-4973-318X Seyed-Ahmad Mirbagheri Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering, K.N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran, Iran Ebrahim Fataei Department of Environment, Ardabil Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ardabil, Iran 0000-0002-9245-9796 Gholamreza Ebrahimzadeh-Rajaei Department of Chemistry, Ardabil Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ardabil, Iran 0000-0002-6787-5472 Lobat Taghavi Department of Environmental Science, Faculty of Natural Recourses and Environment, Science and Research branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran 0000-0002-4973-318X Journal Article 2023 11 17 The textile industry is one of the main consumers of water and the wastewater from this industry is one of the main sources of environmental contamination because they can release high levels of organic compounds into the environment. The chemical compounds of the wastewater, especially polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are highly carcinogenic and toxic and must be treated before release to the environment. Photocatalytic and sonocatalytic processes in the presence of metal oxide nanoparticles (NPs) are among the advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) which have found increasing popularity due to their high efficiency and no secondary contamination. In this research, CuO NPs were first synthesized using Peganum harmala seed extract. The samples were then evaluated by SEM, XRD, and EDX tests. The degradation efficiency of organic compounds in textile wastewater was explored by photocatalytic and sonocatalytic processes in the presence of copper oxide NPs. The results indicated that the crystallites of the spherical CuO NPs have an average size of 84 nm. According to GC-MS results, decane, undecane, dodecane, naphthalene, decahydro-2,3-dimethyl, methylmethylenecyclohexane, decahydro-1,5-dimethyl, tridecane, tetradecane, and hexadecane composed about 73% of the initial wastewater sample. 100% of 2-methylmethylenecyclohexane, naphthalene, decahydro-1,5-dimethyl, hexadecane, and decahydro-2,3-dimethyl were eliminated by photocatalytic process. The highest (84%) and lowest (52%) sonocatalytic degradation were reported for naphthalene and/or decahydro-2,3-dimethyl, and dodecane, respectively. These values reached about 100% in photocatalytic degradation. UV waves were generally more efficient at removing organic compounds than US treatment.

Anthropogenic Pollution A Strategic Management Plan for Reducing Air Pollution Using the SWOT Model: A Case Study of District 2 of Tehran Municipality Volume 5 (2021) Issue 2, September 2021 2023 11 17 A Strategic Management Plan for Reducing Air Pollution Using the SWOT Model: A Case Study of District 2 of Tehran Municipality 10.22034/ap.2021.1928790.1105 EN Reza Moghadam Department of Environment, Islamic Azad University, North Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran 0000-0001-5390-7245 Seyed Ali Jozi Department of Environment, Islamic Azad University, North Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran 0000-0002-4486-1297 Rokhshad Hejazi Department of Environment, Islamic Azad University, North Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran 0000-0003-2676-3228 Mojgan Zaeimdar Environmental Management, Department of Environment, North Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran Saeed Malmasi Department of Environment, Islamic Azad University, North Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran Journal Article 2023 11 17 Tehran is reportedly one of the most polluted cities in the world, so that a serious measure is to provide simple and practical solutions for effectively reducing and eliminating air pollution in this city. This study aimed to introduce feasible strategies to reduce air pollution in District 2 of Tehran Municipality regarding the existing conditions and facilities using a SWOT model. In the present survey research using SWOT analysis method, first the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of air quality management were identified using the opinions of experts in the study district, followed by evaluating via IFE and EFE matrix tables and determining their weighted scores. The situations of internal and external environmental factors were analyzed through a set of weighted points. Then, through SWOT matrix, air pollution management strategies were identified in the district. Finally, the obtained strategies were prioritized using QSPM. The scores from assessing internal (2.02) and external (2.66) factors revealed that air quality management of the study district is in a conservative situation. The SWOT matrix results presented 21 strategies, 6 of which were in the conservative situation. Based on the prioritization of the QSPM for 6 strategies, the highest attractiveness was related to " Implementing a comprehensive energy management plan for vehicles and industries and plan for the use of clean energy " with a total attractiveness score of 10.36 for the study district. The result showed the efficiency of SWOT matrix in air quality management of the study area.

Anthropogenic Pollution Designing a mobile tourism program and achieving sustainable development Volume 5 (2021) Issue 2, September 2021 2023 11 17 Designing a mobile tourism program and achieving sustainable development 10.22034/ap.2021.1929091.1103 EN Yaser Ebazadeh Department of Computer Engineering, Germi Branch, Islamic Azad University, Germi. Iran 0000-0002-6106-6682 Reza Alayi Department of Mechanics, Germi Branch, Islamic Azad University, Germi, Iran and Energy Research Centre, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord P.O. Box 88137-33395, Iran 0000-0003-2190-1185 Maedeh Kiani Sakaleh Department of Information Technology, Payam e Noor University, Iran Journal Article 2023 11 17 Today, the use of mobile applications has flourished a lot. Many businesses have moved to application design to increase their relationship with customers. Iran has also made good progress in the field of application design. One of the areas that has recently been addressed in our country is the creation of applications in the field of tourism, hotels, museums and accommodation centers. The development of ecotourism as one of the most attractive types of tourism, in addition to economic, social and cultural consequences, can also have significant environmental effects. These effects will have many destructive consequences in human and natural environments and will cause environmental instability and ultimately instability of ecotourism if carelessness, lack of formulation and implementation of preventive measures in the form of strategies, standards and continuous evaluations. In this article, the design of a tourism app for zoo is considered, with features such as suggesting a route to visitor, providing images of different animals in the zoo, and offering various audio-visual services for users along with images and textual information.

Anthropogenic Pollution Modelling fuzzy multi-criteria decision-making method to locate industrial estates based on geographic information system Volume 5 (2021) Issue 2, September 2021 2023 11 17 Modelling fuzzy multi-criteria decision-making method to locate industrial estates based on geographic information system 10.22034/ap.2021.1933630.1111 EN Mohammad Reza Jangjoo Faculty of Engineering, Islamic Azad University, Tehran North Branch, Tehran, Iran Journal Article 2023 11 17 Existing conditions for locating urban equipment and facilities require a set of limiting and reinforcing factors. Interaction of environmental, industrial, social and political changes in our rapid growth adds to the complexity of regional systems. Locating takes place by various methods, in which the priority is the application of modern methods leading to reduced uncertainty. The present study aimed to select the best location using nine criteria (slope, distance from fault, distance from river, distance from road, and distance from villages, soil type, land use, average temperature, and average rainfall) in GIS software for mapping. Fuzzy logic and fuzzy-analytical hierarchy process (FAHP) model were applied to reduce location uncertainty. The accuracy of the results was checked using field data, in which six stations designated for the establishment of industrial estates in the study area were compared with the results of the FAHP model. The results of FAHP model in GIS software and their validation showed that the proposed model has excellent capabilities in locating industrial estates.

Anthropogenic Pollution Impact of Climatic Changes and Global Warming on Water Availability Volume 5 (2021) Issue 2, September 2021 2023 11 17 Impact of Climatic Changes and Global Warming on Water Availability 10.22034/ap.2021.1926893.1100 EN Shabbir Hussain Institute of Chemistry, Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering and Information Technology, Rahim, Pakistan Muhammad Umer Aslam Department of Chemistry, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan Mohsin Javed Department of Chemistry, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan Manzar Zahra Department of Chemistry, Lahore Garrison University, DHA Phase VI, Lahore, Pakistan Haroon Ejaz Department of Chemistry, Lahore Garrison University, DHA Phase VI, Lahore, Pakistan Khadeja-al- Kubra Department of Chemistry, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan Iqra Mushtaq Department of Chemistry, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan Journal Article 2023 11 17 Current studies are performed to review the past 20 years literature regarding the impact of global warming and climatic changes on water availability, its quality/quantity/yield and consequent effects on nutrients, freshwater and biota. Water resources are susceptible to changes in climate. The water holding capacity of the atmosphere is increased with the rise of temperature. Global warming will cause increased sea levels due to the spreading of oceans and melting of glaciers. The flow of affected freshwater into the oceans will cause variations in stratification, nutrient availability, salinity, and turbidity, which will affect tourism, agriculture, and industry. The total amount of organic carbon availability varies from winter to warming, and there are also changes in enzymes' activities. There is a vast shift in rainfall due to climate changes. The intense precipitation, runoff, erosion, and transfer of a vast number of pollutants into the groundwater affect drinking water quality. Many organisms such as animals and plants migrate to other regions, so the biological composition of natural ecosystem agriculture is modified. We cannot measure these complicated processes precisely, yet we roughly estimate these processes through the extinction of species and variation in productivity. The temperature has a pronounced effect on the distribution of various species in different geographical regions. Warming shows an impact on interspecific and intraspecific interaction. It also has an impact growth period and yield of crops. The use of future climate models enables us to understand the environmental issues and future climate changes thoroughly.

Anthropogenic Pollution A presentation of SWOT strategies for the sustainable tourism development on the Caspian Sea coast of Gilan province, Iran Volume 5 (2021) Issue 2, September 2021 2023 11 17 A presentation of SWOT strategies for the sustainable tourism development on the Caspian Sea coast of Gilan province, Iran 10.22034/ap.2021.1934536.1112 EN Marjaneh Kharrat Sadeghi Department of environmental Sciences, Qaemshahr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qaemshahr, Iran 0000- 0002-7068-0860 Journal Article 2023 11 17 Coastal areas are of the most important natural ecosystems around the world, continuously influenced by various human activities, in particular tourism development leading to instability in some coastal areas. The coastal areas of Gilan province in Iran as an important tourist destination have been attracting always special attention of many tourists, investors and operators of tourism. Given the need for the environmental protection regarding the coastal tourism development, the present descriptive-analytical study aimed to identify coastal tourism potentials in the Gilan province by analyzing satellite images and field surveys and provide relevant promotional strategies through SWOT analysis. The results revealed that a majority of coastal areas had developmental constraints, and only one-third of these coasts, including Amirkalaye and Talesh, had the tourism development potential. Moreover, total score of internal factors calculated less than 2.5 (i.e., 2.11) highlighted a relative weakness for the coasts of Gilan province in terms of tourism capabilities. The results of the SWOT analysis also showed that the coastal tourism in this region was in a defensive state environmentally. In conclusion, the factors affecting coastal tourism development based on our developed SWOT matrix were found to be domestic and foreign investments, administrative coordination, detection of coastal capacity, tourism development and environmental tourism planning.

Anthropogenic Pollution Study of kinetics, and thermodynamics of nikel adsorption from aqueous solutions using modified nano-graphene oxide by melamine Volume 5 (2021) Issue 2, September 2021 2023 11 17 Study of kinetics, and thermodynamics of nikel adsorption from aqueous solutions using modified nano-graphene oxide by melamine 10.22034/ap.2021.1929112.1104 EN Nazanin Parsa Department of Environmental Pollution, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran Hassan Rezaei Department of Environmental Pollution, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran Journal Article 2023 11 17 one of the most important issues in water resources today is pollution caused by heavy metals. Nickel is a heavy metal that is widely used in various industries. Nickel is one of the most important pollutants in the environment and its removal is very important. There are different methods for separating heavy metals from aqueous media. Among all methods, surface adsorption is a low-cost and simple method and for removing heavy metals in low and medium concentrations. The aim of this study was to investigate the adsorption efficiency of nickel ions from aqueous solutions using melamine modified nano-graphene oxide.The experiments were performed under discontinuous conditions and the five parameters of initial concentration, contact time, temperature, pH and adsorbent dose were optimized. The pseudo-first-order and psedo-second-order kinetic models were investigated. Finally, thermodynamic parameters such as enthalpy and entropy change and Gibbs free energy were calculated.In the kinetic study, by comparing the coefficient of explanation of the pseudo-first-order model (0.3084) and the pseudo -second-order model (0.997), it was found that pseudo -second-order model better shows the adsorption process of nickel by the adsorbent. oxide nanoparticles is spontaneous and the reaction is accompanied by an increase in irregularity and endotherm. The adsorbent surface is multilayered, non-uniform and the adsorbent material on the adsorbent is heterogeneous. Nano graphene oxide modified by melamine has a special surface and high potential and is a suitable adsorbent for removing nickel from aqueous solutions and has a high absorption.

Anthropogenic Pollution Application of Steam Enhanced Extraction method on BTEX contaminated soil in a Nigerian petroleum depot and Automobile workshop sites in Ilorin metropolis, Nigeria. Volume 5 (2021) Issue 2, September 2021 2023 11 17 Application of Steam Enhanced Extraction method on BTEX contaminated soil in a Nigerian petroleum depot and Automobile workshop sites in Ilorin metropolis, Nigeria. 10.22034/ap.2021.1931233.1107 EN Ismail Muhibbu-din Faculty of Engineering and Technology, University of Ilorin, Kwara, Nigeria Isaac Ayodele Kwara State Ministry of Works and Housing, Ilorin, Nigeria Journal Article 2023 11 17 . Benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene and xylene (BTEX) are major causes of contaminated soil. This is due to fuel leakages or spillages, various forms hydrocarbon burning/combustion and land disposal petroleum base oil. Contaminated soil samples were excavated from two different locations within Ilorin metropolis; pipelines and products marketing company, a Nigerian petroleum depot, Ilorin depot and auto mechanic workshop of over ten years. Steam enhanced extraction method was employed through injection of steam to contaminated soil from steam generator into soil pot where contaminated soil was placed. After the remediation process the steam soil samples were taken to the laboratory where the sonication extraction technique was used to extract the contaminants (BTEX) from the steamed soil samples of 30, 60 and 90 minutes respectively. The extract from the steamed soil samples of 30, 60 and 90 minutes were subjected Gas Chromatography fitted with flame ionization detector analysis to determine the exact amount of BTEX removed after remediation process. Pre-treated soil sample of auto mechanics workshop was found to be 4.5004 x 10-1 mg/kg and post-treated soil samples were found to be 1.8164 x10-1 mg/kg, 8.7519 x10-1 mg/kg and 5.7006 x10-2 mg/kg for 30, 60 and 90 minutes respectively after remediation process while Pre-treated soil sample of a Nigerian petroleum depot was found to be 6.6049 x 10-1 mg/kg and post-treated soil samples were found to be 2.9320 x10-1 mg/kg, 1.9855 x10-1 mg/kg and 1.0237 x10-1 mg/kg for 30, 60 and 90 minutes respectively after remediation process

Anthropogenic Pollution Window view in Facade of Notre Dame Cathedral Cases study; Paris, Lyon, Marseille, and Nice of France Volume 5 (2021) Issue 2, September 2021 2023 11 17 Window view in Facade of Notre Dame Cathedral Cases study; Paris, Lyon, Marseille, and Nice of France 10.22034/ap.2021.1927244.1101 EN Hassan Feridonzadeh Department of Architecture and Urban Planning, Technical and Vocational University (TVU), Tehran, IRAN 0000000232518774 Journal Article 2023 11 17 The purpose of this paper is to examine the role of windows in the architecture facade of Notre Dame Cathedral in France. One of the important elements of the architectural facade is a window. It is mainly located in the facade of the building and depending on its condition. Window in some cases interferes with the performance and in other cases contributes to the aesthetics of architecture. But given the minimalist architecture of Cathedral churches in urban contexts, the landscape of the windows is more colorful than other functions. The research method is a descriptive survey. So, the statistical samples are four traditional Notre Dame Cathedral churches that have windows with special motifs in the facades. These samples were selected in a targeted manner to examine their windows. Research findings indicate that the windows of Notre Dame Cathedral in France have three important functions due to their place of worship. These three tasks are function, beauty, and identity. These three components are function, beauty, and identity, which due to the religious values in this architecture, the identity role of windows is more prominent than other components. The root of this prominence is in the Christian view of the worship space.

Anthropogenic Pollution Removal of Malathion on Carbon using Iron Oxide Nanoparticles (Fe3O4) in Aquatic Environments Volume 5 (2021) Issue 2, September 2021 2023 11 17 Removal of Malathion on Carbon using Iron Oxide Nanoparticles (Fe3O4) in Aquatic Environments 10.22034/ap.2021.1931622.1109 EN Malektaj Eskandari Makvand Department of Environment, Ahvaz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz, Iran Sima Sabzalipour Department of Environmental Science, Ahvaz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz , Iran Mahboobeh Cheraghi Department of Environment, Ahvaz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz, Iran Neda Orak environment group, islamic azad university, ahvaz, IRAN Journal Article 2023 11 17 The development of nanotechnology and the possible entry of nanoparticles into aquatic environments have raised environmental concerns. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe3O4) loaded on carbon to remove malathion in order to evaluate the toxicity potential of nanoparticles in aqueous environments. We examined the characteristics of iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe3O4) using XRD refraction, Fourier irradiated spectroscopy (FTIR), the catalytic activity of iron nanoparticles for activation of persulfate, and malathion decomposition. Moreover, we assessed the influence of effective parameters on this process, such as pH, persulfate concentration, and the number of iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe3O4). The results showed that 82% of malathion was decomposed by the combined process of iron oxide nanoparticles loaded on carbon at pH=5 and 0.4 g of iron nanoparticles in 60 minutes. Additionally, according to the results obtained from the advanced oxidation processes, it was able to optimally remove malathion from the aquatic environment. This study revealed that nanoparticle stabilization technology on activated carbon could be used as an effective, efficient, and fast adsorbent to remove certain contaminants, such as malathion, from aqueous solutions. Although the combination of processes may complicate their analysis and mechanism, the study of this process could be a promising emergence of hybrid processes in water and wastewater treatment. In general, the results of this study relatively indicated that the physicochemical properties of nanoparticles, such as size, shape, surface, general morphology, and chemical composition, in different environmental conditions can significantly affect carbon in removing the malathion

Anthropogenic Pollution Removal of Heavy Metals (Lead and Nickel) from Water Sources by Adsorption of Activated Alumina Volume 5 (2021) Issue 2, September 2021 2023 11 17 Removal of Heavy Metals (Lead and Nickel) from Water Sources by Adsorption of Activated Alumina 10.22034/ap.2021.1924099.1095 EN Fereshteh Ghomi Avili Department of civil engineering, Islamic Azad University, Nowshahr, Iran 0000-0002-9384-4434 Journal Article 2023 11 17 Heavy metals contamination is regarded as an environmental pollutant which could be transferred from water sources to soil, plants, animals and human. This study aimed to investigate the removal of lead and nickel from water sources by activated alumina as a low-cost adsorbent. In this regard, a sample of artificial effluent with concentrations of 5 to 30 mg/l of lead and nickel was prepared. Lead removal efficiency under optimal conditions of 25 mg/l concentration and contact time of 30 minutes was 76%. In this study, optimal adsorption conditions including contact time, pH, concentrations of lead and nickel, adsorbent dose of activated alumina were studied. According to the results, the best adsorption rate in the studied contact times occurred at 30 minutes, while the optimal adsorption rate occurred at pH value of 8 for nickel and 9 for lead. The highest adsorption rate at four adsorbent contents, has been observed at 3 g/l. It has been discovered that the adsorption process of lead and nickel with a correlation coefficient is in the range of 0.97-0.99 by Langmuir and Freundlich model.