Anthropogenic Pollution Occupational exposure limits for 1, 3-butadiene based on carcinogenic effects: a comparison of the threshold and non-threshold approaches Volume 7 (2023) Issue 2, November 2023 2024 04 15 Occupational exposure limits for 1, 3-butadiene based on carcinogenic effects: a comparison of the threshold and non-threshold approaches 10.57647/j.jap.2023.0702.25 EN Masoomeh Vahabi Shekarloo Department of Occupational Health Engineering, School of Health, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran Zahra Moradpour Department of Occupational Health Engineering and Safety, School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Marzieh Sadeghian Department of Occupational Health Engineering, School of Health, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran Journal Article 2024 04 15 1, 3-Butadiene (BD) is primarily used for the production of synthetic rubbers and polymers, which are found in many industrial and consumer products. BD is suspected to be both carcinogenic and genotoxic to humans. This study aims to compare occupational exposure limits (OELs) based on BD’s carcinogenic effects using threshold and non-threshold methods in industrial settings. A review of published literature was carried out to find the most suitable in vivo carcinogenic data. Selection criteria included the number of dose levels considering more than three dose level and chronic exposure through the lung route. Studies of the National Toxicology Program (NTP) and Melnick et al. met the criteria for this study. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)’s BMD software, version 3.2.0, was utilized to estimate BMDL10. In the threshold approach, OELs were calculated using BMDL10 divided by uncertainty factors. The margin of exposure (MOE) method was used as a non-threshold approach. In the threshold approach, an OELI of 2.3 ppm and 3.8 ppm was estimated in males and females, respectively. In the non-threshold approach, the OELII of 0.008 ppm and 0.014 ppm was calculated for males and females, respectively, which were substantially lower than those found using the threshold method. Examining and comparing the results of this study to the threshold limit values (TLVs) and carcinogenic risk values determined by the EPA revealed that the threshold values are closer to the safe workplace concentrations (concentrations where no carcinogenic effects have been detected). Consequently, the use of non-threshold approaches results in an inaccurate estimation of carcinogenic risk.

Anthropogenic Pollution Suspensioning decision of hydropower dam in the United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) World Natural Heritage registered forest Volume 7 (2023) Issue 2, November 2023 2024 04 15 Suspensioning decision of hydropower dam in the United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) World Natural Heritage registered forest 10.57647/j.jap.2023.0702.24 EN Mohammad Keshavarz Salkoyeh Department of Civil Engineering, Arak Branch, Islamic Azad University, Arak, Iran Reza Mastouri Department of Civil Engineering, Arak Branch, Islamic Azad University, Arak, Iran Nargess Kargari Department of Environment, Islamic Azad University, Takestan Branch, Takestan, Iran Journal Article 2024 04 15 Environmental Management Plan (EMP) is regarded as a guidance document to attain and measure compliance with the mitigation requirements and environmental protection of projects, which are normally requirements for project approvals. The study mainly aims to present an Environmental Management Plan for dams whose construction was suspended by opposing stakeholders for the harmful impacts on the environment in forested areas. As a case study, the Hyrcanian forests (Caspian forests) are located in western Asia and were inscribed on the United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) World Heritage List in 2019. The construction of the hydropower Shafarood dam began in these forests in 1990. Because of budget deficits and the suspensions incurred by opposing activists in 2013, dam construction has only advanced by 23% ever since. To meet that aim, the research data was collected through analysis of documents, letters, articles, field visits to the construction site, and interviews. The semi-structured interviewing method was employed in holding interviews with governmental and environmental NGOs, local people, specialists, and academics because of their good cooperation. The results indicate that the most negative effects in the construction phase have been produced by deforestation and degradation of vegetation, source of material supply, settlement and livelihood of migrants impacted by dam impoundment, water, air and sound quality. Ultimately, an Environmental Management Plan was proposed for this dam and those under construction or suspended in forested areas to minimize the negative environmental effects of the Hydropower Shafarood dam, which technically concentrates on mitigating measures.

Anthropogenic Pollution A review on Toxicity of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles: Impacts on Reproductive System and Respiratory Tissues Volume 7 (2023) Issue 2, November 2023 2024 04 07 A review on Toxicity of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles: Impacts on Reproductive System and Respiratory Tissues 10.57647/j.jap.2023.0702.23 EN Nariman Amini Department of Biology, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran Ramin Mohammadi-Aloucheh Department of Biology, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran 0000-0002-9899-9005 Journal Article 2024 04 07 A nanoparticle is a small particle that ranges between 1 to 100 nanometers in size. Undetectable by the human eye, nanoparticles can exhibit significantly different physical and chemical properties to their larger material counterparts. Metal oxide nanoparticles pollution has become a major environmental concern due to its widespread production and usage. The potential toxic effects of nanoparticles on human and animal health have been investigated, but their impact on urban animals remains poorly understood. This study provides evidence that exposure to metal oxide nanoparticles leads to significant toxicity in the ovarian and respiratory tissues of urban animals. These findings highlight the importance of monitoring and controlling the release of nanoparticles into the environment to protect the health of animals and humans. Thus, the effects of metal oxide nanoparticles on urban animals provides valuable insights into the potential risks and environmental safety concerns. Continued research in this field is crucial for sustainable development and protection of both human and animal health.

Anthropogenic Pollution Investigating the effect of Pulsed Electric Field (PEF) on Escherichia coli (E. coli) bacteria as an indicator of water contamination Volume 7 (2023) Issue 2, November 2023 2024 04 07 Investigating the effect of Pulsed Electric Field (PEF) on Escherichia coli (E. coli) bacteria as an indicator of water contamination 10.57647/j.jap.2023.0702.22 EN Noushin Osouleddini Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Islamic Azad University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 0000-0002-2552-9010 Amir Hesam Mahlooji Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Islamic Azad University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Mohammad Abdollahzadeh East Tehran Management, Tehran Water and Wastewater Company, Tehran, Iran Journal Article 2024 04 07 Preserving the health of food resources, including drinking water, is considered one of the most important issues in human usability. Therefore, all efforts and research are based on finding and utilizing the best methods to safeguard the hygiene of water and municipal wastewater, aiming to protect human health and improve the quality of treated sanitary sewage. Hence, the objective of this study is to investigate water contaminated with Escherichia coli bacteria (E.coli) and the removal of this microorganism as an indicator of drinking water contamination and the degree of treatment of sanitary wastewater using a Pulsed Electric Field (PEF). In this research, the PEF device was utilized within the range of 1 to 13 kV/cm with a frequency of 500 Hz for some time of 3 to 60 min. The investigation was conducted using the Most Probable Number (MPN/100 mL) test in a 9-tube format. The results of this assessment at a temperature of 20 ºC showed that the minimum removal efficiency of total coliform bacteria was achieved at 1 kV voltage with a contact time of 1 min, yielding a 0% efficiency, while the highest removal efficiency was obtained at 13 kV voltage with a contact time of 30 min, resulting in a 99.8% efficiency.

Anthropogenic Pollution Designing and presenting an environmental management model with an emphasis on energy management in office buildings (Case study: District 5 Municipality of Tehran, Iran) Volume 7 (2023) Issue 2, November 2023 2024 04 07 Designing and presenting an environmental management model with an emphasis on energy management in office buildings (Case study: District 5 Municipality of Tehran, Iran) 10.57647/j.jap.2023.0702.21 EN Maryam Ganjineh Department of Environmental Management, Faculty of Natural Resources and Environment, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran Farzam Babaei Semiromi Department of Environmental Management, Faculty of Natural Resources and Environment, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran 0000-0002-4463-7789 Ali Mohammadi Department of Environmental Management, Faculty of Natural Resources and Environment, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran Seyed Alireza Mirzahosseini Department of Environmental Management, Faculty of Natural Resources and Environment, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran Mohammad Reza Tabesh Department of Environmental Management, Faculty of Natural Resources and Environment, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran Journal Article 2024 04 07 The present applied research aimed to model energy management in office buildings of District 5 Municipality of Tehran, Iran. The components affecting energy consumption were extracted via an integrated approach (including in-depth survey and semi-structured interviews with experts) using coding method and prioritized by Analytic hierarchy process and Expert Choice. The proposed model was fitted by structural equation modeling and the strategies were developed by Hitt's strategic planning model. The results showed 10 components (in three dimensions) as effective factors in energy management. The highest and lowest weight percentages were respectively related to the components of "Using appropriate technology for manufacture and providing and using low-consumption supplies and equipment" (26.8%), and "Implementing green tax policy" (1.7%). Goodness of fit index values for the three domains of the integrated model were 0.942 (for architecture and engineering), 0.941 (for behavioral patterns) and 0.901 (for rules and regulations), which were in the acceptable area due to being more than the standard value (0.9), as well as the root mean square residual values were 0.079, 0.073 and 0.061, respectively, which were in the acceptable area due to being lower than the standard value (0.08). The strategies of "Strengthening the infrastructure and equipment in the field of energy consumption optimization" and "Using green tax and incentive solutions in energy consumption" were placed in the first and last priorities with final weights of 4.16 and 3.156. These findings were a claim for the good and acceptable fit of the proposed 10-component and 9- strategy model.

Anthropogenic Pollution Assessment of BTX Concentrations Along Hakim Expressway: A Case Study from Milad Tower to Resalat Tunnel Volume 7 (2023) Issue 2, November 2023 2024 04 07 Assessment of BTX Concentrations Along Hakim Expressway: A Case Study from Milad Tower to Resalat Tunnel 10.57647/j.jap.2023.0702.20 EN Arsalan Keramat Department of Environment, Damavand branch, Islamic Azad University, Damavand, Iran Shahrzad Khoramnejadian Department of Environment, Damavand branch, Islamic Azad University, Damavand, Iran 0000-0002-9637-9988 Farid gholamreza Fahimi Department of Environment, Tonekabo Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tonekabon, Iran Journal Article 2024 04 07 This research aims to assess the concentrations of benzene, toluene, and ethylbenzene along the Hakim Expressway, from Milad Tower to Resalat Tunnel, in order to investigate the impact of traffic, a major contributor to air pollution in Tehran, and the release of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) resulting from fossil fuel burning. Conducted in the fall of 2020, the study reveals that heavy-traffic regions exhibit higher VOC levels. The accumulation of VOCs in the examined areas is influenced by wind direction and time of day. Measurements were taken during both morning and evening periods. The amount of benzene in the morning at Geisha station is 39.1 ppb and the lowest amount at Azadegan Blvd about 21.22ppb. The amount of toluene in the morning at Chamran station is 461.1 ppb and the lowest amount is 359.1 ppb at Azadegan Blvd.. The amount of Ethylbenzene in the morning at Chamran station is 2.86 ppb. These stations showed the highest values in the morning. In the evening, the highest values observed in the Gisha stations 38.2ppb the lowest amount at Azadegan Blvd 21.42. ppb. Highest amount of toluene at night were seen at Gisha station 489 ppb the lowest amount at Azadegan Blvd about 231ppb. The highest amount of Ethylbenzene was seen at Resalat tunnel 1.4 ppb and lowest amount at chamran. Benzene and toluene concentrations remained consistent between morning and night, while ethylbenzene concentrations varied. The traffic load in the sampled areas exhibited a direct effect on BTX (benzene, toluene, and ethylbenzene) concentrations.

Anthropogenic Pollution Investigation and determination of land use effects on surface water quality in semi-arid areas: Case study on Qarasu River in Iran Volume 7 (2023) Issue 2, November 2023 2023 12 10 Investigation and determination of land use effects on surface water quality in semi-arid areas: Case study on Qarasu River in Iran 10.57647/j.jap.2023.0702.19 EN Jafar Mohammadi Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ardabil Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ardabil, Iran Ebrahim Fataei Department of Environment, Ardabil Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ardabil, Iran 0000-0002-9245-9796 Akram Ojaghi Aghchekandi Teacher, first education district, Ardabil, Iran Lobat Taghavi Department of Environmental and Forest Sciences, Faculty of Natural Resources and Environment, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran Journal Article 2023 12 10 Increasing population growth and civilization have caused great impacts on water quality. Among these, changes and excessive exploitation of land use have led to changes in the surface water quality to provide human needs. Therefore, the present study investigated the effects of land use on water quality using a spatial-statistical approach. To this end, the water quality data of 22 water quality-sampling stations were applied in the Qarasu watershed in Ardabil. Then, spatial analysis was conducted, including land use classification maps, watershed mapping and overlaying maps using GIS. Finally, correlation and multiple linear regression analysis were used to determine the relationship between water quality and land use variables. Pearson’s correlation coefficient showed proper percentages of vegetation cover, agricultural lands, woodlands, residential users, barren land and forest as well as weak pastureland have significant correlation with water quality variables. Multiple linear regression analysis with stepwise approach also indicated that of dependent parameters as water quality variables, the parameters of pH, Cl, Ca, Mg, Na and SAR are associated with land use as independent parameters including irrigated agriculture, first-grade pasture, third-grade pasture, woodlands, moorland, forest and residential users. Furthermore, validation of the model based on two models of the survey of predicted and actual values as well as root-mean-square error (RMSE) demonstrated good accuracy of the resulting model.

Anthropogenic Pollution Evaluating waste management practices of street vendors in the informal settlement of Cape Town: a case study of Khayelitsha Volume 7 (2023) Issue 2, November 2023 2023 12 10 Evaluating waste management practices of street vendors in the informal settlement of Cape Town: a case study of Khayelitsha 10.57647/j.jap.2023.0702.18 EN Thabang Maphanga Department of Environmental and Occupational Studies, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Cape Town, South Africa Benett Siyabonga Madonsela Department of Environmental and Occupational Studies, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Cape Town, South Africa 0000-0003-3552-7470 Journal Article 2023 12 10 Despite being classified as informal, street vendors play a crucial role in urban economies. Street selling and rubbish picking are the primary occupations engaged in by those affected by unregulated urbanization. These activities also subject them to other waste-related challenges within the outdoor setting. This waste is not properly disposed of, which in turn poses threats to the environment and public health. The objective of the current study was to evaluate the waste management practices of street vendors in Cape Town’s informal settlements. Subsequently, to achieve this objective the current study collected qualitative and quantitative data using a structured questionnaire research tool featuring a series of questions used to collect useful information from street vendors. Moreover, the purposive sampling technique was used in this regard to collect data given that this method is time and cost-effective. The quantitative data was analysed using Statistical Product for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 26 whilst qualitative data used thematic analysis. The result of the current study indicates that the majority of the street vendors (40%) dump waste illegally behind the stalls and in an open space. This is not startling given that the vending business venture is predominantly characterized by individuals with secondary education or no formal education at all. Therefore, it was not surprising that only a small percentage of street vendors (12.3%) systematically manage their waste. The current discovery shows that street vendors in the informal settlements of Cape Town need environmental education to understand the importance of systematically managing waste and the risks associated with the indiscriminate dumping of refuse

Anthropogenic Pollution The relationship between cadmium pollution, soil biology, and Atropa belladonna growth Volume 7 (2023) Issue 2, November 2023 2023 12 10 The relationship between cadmium pollution, soil biology, and Atropa belladonna growth 10.57647/j.jap.2023.0702.17 EN Maria Del Carmen Delgado Laime Department of Ingenier´ıa Ambiental, Universidad Nacional Jose Mar ´ ´ıa Arguedas, Andahuaylas, Peru 0000-0002-7911-8647 Cesar Ruben Castro Lopez Faculty of Mag. Tecnicas Y Gestion Medio Ambiental, Department of Ingenier´ıa, Universidad Tecnologica de los Andes, ´ Abancay, Peru. 3Faculty of Engineeri 0000-0002-0797-7389 Roger Oswaldo Poccohuanca-Aguilar Faculty of Engineering, Academic Department of Basic Sciences, National Amazonian University of Madre de Dios, Puerto Maldonado, Peru 0000-0002-3879-3910 Juan-Jesus Garrido-Arismendis Academic Department of Food Industries Engineering, national frontier university, Sullana, Peru 0000-0001-9484-5642 Linda-Katherine Carrillo-De la Cruz Department Professional Academic School of Law, Continental University, Peru 0000-0001-6226-4245 Journal Article 2023 12 10 Cadmium, a heavy metal, can have devastating effects on the activity and composition of soil organisms. This can lead to environmental pollution which can be detrimental to human health. In order to evaluate the quality of contaminated soils, microbial parameters are used. The Atropa belladonna was used in a factorial experiment to investigate the efficacy of green purification and the role of arbuscular root fungi and growth-promoting bacteria in reducing the effects of cadmium. The experiment included two factors: cadmium at four levels (0, 20, 50 and 100 mg/kg of soil) and microbial inoculation treatment at three levels (control, plant growth promoting rhizobacteria and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi). The study found that an increase in soil cadmium pollution caused a significant increase in shoot cadmium concentration and metabolic rate. Cadmium also caused a significant decrease in shoot function, microbial biomass carbon, microbial respiration, substrate-stimulated respiration, Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria population and mycorrhizal symbiosis. However, the inoculation of microbial treatments to the soil was found to decrease the inhibition effects of cadmium on the measured indicators. Overall, the results of the study showed that using growth-promoting microorganisms can reduce the adverse effect of cadmium on plant growth and microbial indicators of soil quality in soils contaminated with cadmium. Therefore, the application of growth-promoting microorganisms represents a promising approach for the remediation of cadmium-contaminated soils, as it not only supports plant growth but also enhances the overall quality of soil ecosystems.

Anthropogenic Pollution Investigating the role of origami algorithm in facades of high-rise buildings to reduce visual pollution and improve urban landscape quality Volume 7 (2023) Issue 2, November 2023 2023 12 10 Investigating the role of origami algorithm in facades of high-rise buildings to reduce visual pollution and improve urban landscape quality 10.57647/j.jap.2023.0702.16 EN Tabbasom Tabasi Department of Architecture, Mashhad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran Amir Farajolahi Rod Faculty of Art and Architecture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran Vahid Ahmadi Department of Architecture, Mashhad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran Hamid Reza Shoaei Department of Architecture, Shahrood Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrood, Iran Journal Article 2023 12 10 The present study was conducted to identify and prioritize origami components affecting facades of high-rise buildings to explain the role of origami algorithm in improving urban landscape quality and reducing visual pollution. The research had an exploratory nature, and used the method of descriptive-survey data analysis. The research design was carried out in three steps, documentary analysis, Delphi survey and semiotic analysis. A panel of experts (n = 15) was considered as specialists in urban planning, architecture and urban design. Data were analyzed by statistical tests, SPSS-22 software and MAXQDA 2020 software. A hypothetical model of high-rise building made in RHINO software using Grasshopper plugin was applied for simulation. The results of the questionnaires revealed the effects of 18 components on the facade of high-rise buildings and also 12 components on the improvement of urban landscape quality. The findings indicated a correlation between overall dimensions of origami algorithm and urban landscape quality, and showed that the components of “repetition”, “details”, “geometry” and “rhythm” were most related to the origami algorithm, thereby highlighting the strong impact of the origami algorithm on improving urban landscape quality. According to the simulation results, among the components affecting urban landscape quality, “View composition” had the largest contribution with the correlation coefficient of 130, followed by “Color” and “Balance and symmetry” with the coefficients of 120. The end of this classification included the component “position of openings” with the coefficient of 2.

Anthropogenic Pollution Desalination of Caspian Sea water by using graphene oxide-based covalent organic frameworks and HDTMA-modified Iranian natural Zeolite Volume 7 (2023) Issue 2, November 2023 2023 12 10 Desalination of Caspian Sea water by using graphene oxide-based covalent organic frameworks and HDTMA-modified Iranian natural Zeolite 10.57647/j.jap.2023.0702.15 EN Jahangir Abedi-Koupai Department of Water Science and Engineering, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran 0000-0002-0316-1366 Arefeh Chehrehrazi Department of Water Science and Engineering, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran Fatemeh Dadvand Department of Water Science and Engineering, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran 0000-0001-6488-1183 Mohammad Javad Amiri Department of Water Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Fasa University, Fasa, Iran 0000-0002-2633-0572 Journal Article 2023 12 10 The depletion of freshwater resources emphasizes the significance of water desalination, while the high energy consumption and operating costs associated with existing desalination methods necessitate the search for cost-effective solutions. Therefore, this study presents a unique and innovative solution by employing advanced materials, specifically the combination of graphene oxide (GO)-based covalent organic frameworks (COF) and hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (HDTMA)-modified Iranian natural zeolite in the desalination of Caspian Sea water and well water in the Dark area of Isfahan. In this regard, GO was synthesized using Homer’s modified method and subsequently functionalized with COF and the clinoptilolite zeolite was modified with HDTMA. A series of 28 column experiments were carried out using response surface methodology (RSM) to examine the elimination of electrical conductivity (EC), sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), calcium (Ca2+), magnesium (Mg2+), and chloride (Cl−) under the influence of five operational parameters: initial salinity (7.3−9.6 ds/m), flow rates (1−5 mL/min), GO amounts (0−30 mg), HDTMA quantities (0−13 g), and COF quantities (0−30 mg). The results revealed that the initial salinity concentration had the most significant impact on the reduction of EC, Na+, K+, and Mg2+. Conversely, the quantities of COF had the greatest influence on the reduction of Ca2+. Regarding Cl−, the interaction between HDTMA and salinity exhibited the most notable effect. Overall, this study highlights the potential of utilizing GO and HDTMA-modified Iranian zeolite for desalination purposes, offering a promising approach for addressing water scarcity and salinity challenges in arid regions.

Anthropogenic Pollution Determining Chlorpyrifos residue in apples case study: Damavand orchards Volume 7 (2023) Issue 2, November 2023 2023 12 10 Determining Chlorpyrifos residue in apples case study: Damavand orchards 10.57647/j.jap.2023.0702.14 EN Zahra Haddadnezhad Department of Environment, Damavand branch, Islamic Azad University, Damavand, Iran Omid Mohammadalikhan Persian Blue Rose Tourism Company, Tehran, Iran Shahrzad Khoramnejadian Department of Environment, Damavand branch, Islamic Azad University, Damavand, Iran 0000-0002-9637-9988 Journal Article 2023 12 10 This study was conducted with the purpose of measuring the remaining of Chlorpyrifos insecticide in apples produced in Ahmadabad region of Damavand at the beginning of crop spraying and after its currency period over two periods of the second and third crop spraying in September and October, 2016 and also June, 2017. Samples were collected from three selected stations during September and October, 2016 and also June, 2017. Afterwards, there were some laboratory stages to measure the concentration chlorpyrifos in each sample by means of GC-MASS. According to the calculations made by SPSS software, chlorpyrifos with an average of 1.6917 has a higher level than EPA, ISIRI, CODEX and EFSA standards. Also, in the tests of September and October, chlorpyrifos in all stations has values lower than the EFSA CODEX standard, but in station 1 it is higher than the EPA and ISIRI standards; other stations have values lower than all standards. During the calculations made by SPSS software, it shows that chlorpyrifos with an average of 0.123 has a lower level than CODEX and EFSA standards, but it has a higher level than EPA and ISIRI standards.